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sábado, 3 de dezembro de 2022

Self-powered Sensor Monitoring System in Industrial Internet of Things using Off-resonance Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Techniques by Jae Yong Cho -Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy-Graduate School of Hanyang University-

















 Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Self-powered Sensor Monitoring System in Industrial Internet of Things using Off-resonance Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Techniques 

by Jae Yong Cho

 Graduate School of Hanyang University February 2019 
Department of Electrical Engineering Graduate School of Hanyang University 

 ABSTRACT 
 The main keyword in the era of the fourth industrial revolution is IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) that enables the interactive network between devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and etc. To realize IIoT world, there are key technologies; sensors, microcontroller, connectivity, and energy management. Especially, in terms of energy management, many researches have been carried out about self-powering, a battery-less device from energy harvesting. At the center, there is piezoelectric energy harvesting technology, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Lots of researches about piezoelectric energy harvesting have been carried about because piezoelectric material has relatively high power density and is easily applicable to various infrastructures like road, building, and factory close to our daily lives. Ultimately, the goal of this technology is heading for energy saving and simple installation of sensors used for monitoring structural condition without inconveniences such as the replacement of the batteries and the complexity of the cables. In this dissertation, the research about design and fabrication of off-resonance type piezoelectric energy harvesting systems for IIoT sensor was discussed. Because the actual frequency environment in a real field is not geared to resonant frequencies, previous piezoelectric energy harvesting systems were difficult to harvest ambient energy efficiently. We developed the techniques for harvesting energy efficiently through new structures of off-resonance piezoelectric energy harvesters according to various frequency environment. As the final step, the demonstration study was conducted to illustrate IIoT platform as V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) system from the piezoelectric energy harvesting techniques. The developed harvester was fabricated and installed on the highway (Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea). As a result, self-powered temperature sensor monitoring system was constructed using the energy harvester to be able to operate wireless temperature sensor (eZ430-RF2500, Texas Instruments, USA) without battery. Finally, the system was established to inform a driver of the freezing condition on the road in advance as V2I system. First, the design and fabrication of the resonance dependent type energy harvester were conducted. We have developed the piezoelectric energy harvester using wind that is dependent on the resonant frequency, which is a key component of piezoelectric power generation. The experiment result showed that the difference in power generation characteristics when and when not at resonant frequencies makes difficult for the energy harvester to be applied to actual industrial environments where frequencies vary. Finally, it is essential to develop energy harvesters considering these diverse frequency environments. Second, the studies of energy harvesters optimized for different types of frequency environments in industries were conducted. The frequency environment was divided in four conditions (single frequency, multi frequency, random frequency, and intermittent frequency). For single, multi and random frequency conditions, a magneto-mechanical system was applied as the method of harvesting more energy utilizing magnetic forces. For an intermittent condition, system design was conducted as the method to overcome the offresonance region. In single frequency environment, conveyor belts within a smart factory were presented as an experimental environment and the study was conducted to overcome an environment using magnets on the core belt that is much lower than the resonant frequencies of a typical piezoelectric device. In multi frequency environment, water pipes located in plants or buildings were presented as an experimental environment, and to harvest more energy, a hybrid system using piezoelectric energy harvester and electromagnetic energy harvester was studied. In a random frequency environment, the railway was proposed as experimental condition and the magnetic pendulum energy harvester utilizing inertial moments was developed. The energy harvester for the intermittent frequency environment was studied, taking into account the wireless switch that is sometimes pressed by humans as one of the intermittent frequency environments. Third, the research was carried out on the energy harvesting circuit, which is essential for applying the energy harvester to the actual IIoT environment. Preferentially, equivalent circuit modeling of piezoelectricity and impedance matching study was conducted to deliver maximum power. The DC-DC converter study was also conducted to convert high voltage of the piezoelectricity into low voltage so that actual sensor applications can be self-driven by the energy harvester. Additionally, the research was conducted to create the desired output voltage, and finally to establish the wireless communication interface.


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